![]() ![]() Then, the question of the control is addressed, encompassing the automatic generation of the f0, intensity, and phonemes durations. The modular architecture of this system allows to integrate and compare different signal modeling approaches. First, a fully-functional synthesis system has been developed, based on diphones concatenations. This thesis provides some contributions in each of those 3 directions. Mainly 3 research directions can be identified: the methods for modelling the voice signal to automatically generate an intelligible and natural-sounding voice according to the given lyrics the control of the synthesis to render an adequate interpretation of a given score while conveying some expressivity related to a specific singing style the transformation of the voice signal to improve its naturalness and add expressivity by varying the timbre adequately according to the pitch, intensity and voice quality. This thesis aimed at conducting research on the synthesis and expressive transformations of the singing voice, towards the development of a high-quality synthesizer that can generate a natural and expressive singing voice automatically from a given score and lyrics. In addition to musical or poetic performances, applications of performative vocal synthesis to language learning and speech reeducation are foreseen. It has been demonstrated in a live musical settings, using different control interfaces. Voks participated in comparative perceptual evaluation of singing synthesis systems. In addition to realistic imitation of speaking or singing voices, other playing modes yield new interesting sounds. Scrubbing, playback speed and timbre related parameters can be controlled using the theremin, control surfaces or continuous controllers like faders. Syllabic rhythm is controlled using a biphasic button. Pitch is controlled by continuous hand motions using a stylus on a surface (C-Voks) or a theremin (T-Voks). Different forms of chironomic control of the vocal parameters are proposed. Pitch, vocal effort, voice tension, apparent vocal tract size, voicing ratio, aperiodicity ratio of the voice samples can be modified thanks to a real-time high-quality vocoder. Timing can also be controlled with other methods, including scrubbing and playback speed variation. Rhythm can be accurately controlled thanks to a new methodology, based on syllabic control points. An instrument based on Voks is made of Voks itself, the synthesis software and a given set of chironomic (hand-driven) interfaces. This paper presents Voks, a new family of digital instruments that allow for real-time control and modification of pre-recorded voice signal samples.
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